.png)
UDC
The disappearance of small languages occurs through an obligatory phase of collective natural bilingualism (i. e., bilingualism resulting from language contacts) and ends with the transition of the language community to a more widespread and promising language. The disappearance of languages is the most large-scale manifestation and realization of the desire of the language system for monolingualism; with individual natural bilingualism, this desire manifests itself as linguistic attrition. Mathematical modeling of the phenomenon confirmed the hypothesis about the instability of natural bilingualism: both the individual one, and the collective natural bilingualism providing “double” communication, are at the same time a phase of transition to monolingualism. Language keepers are monolinguals, therefore the main condition for the preservation of an ethnic language is the existence of a monolingual repository (e. g., a country where the majority of the population has one mother tongue). At the same time, monolinguals can have as many foreign languages mastered in a logical way. Optimal for the preservation of any ethnic language (not just a small one) is the monolingualism of preschoolers (indigenous language) and the introduction of the second, third, etc. languages at the school age in a logical way.
Keywords: disappearance of languages, collective natural bilingualism, artificial bilingualism, language attritions, non-linear dynamics, mathematical modeling, unstable state, monolingual repository
References
1. Krauss M. The world’s languages in crisis // Language. 1992. No. 68 (1). P. 4–10.
2. Gary F. The world’s languages in crisis: a 20-year update. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2013. P. 3–19.
3. Harmon D., Jonathan L. The index of linguistic diversity: a new quantitative measure of trends in the status of the world’s languages // Language Documentation and Conservation. 2010. No. 4. P. 97–151.
4. Arefev A.L. Iazyki korennykh malochislennykh narodov Severa i Dal’nego Vostoka v sisteme obrazovaniia: istoriia i sovremennost’. Moscow: Tsentr sotsial’nogo prognozirovaniia i marketinga, 2014. 488 s.
5. Alpatov V.M. Iazykovaia politika v Rossii i mire // Iazykovaia politika i iazykovye konflikty v sovremennom mire: mezhdunar. konf. (Moskva, 16–19 sentiabria 2014 g.): doklady i soobshcheniia. Moscow: Tezaurus: Iazyki narodov mira, 2014. 640 s.
6. Kabakchi V.V. Lingvorevoliutsiia kontsa XX veka i izmenenie lingvisticheskoi paradigmy // Anglistika v XXI veke: materialy konferentsii. St. Petersburg: SPbGU, 2002. S. 80–86.
7. Phillipson R. English as threat or resource in continental Europe // Globalization and the future of German. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2004. P. 47–64.
8. Ammon U. World languages: trends and futures // The Handbook of Language and Globalization. Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2010. P. 101–122.
9. Dyrkheeva G.A. Ischezaiushchie iazyki — mezhdunarodnaia problema // Voprosy iazykoznaniia. 2008. No. 6. S. 139–145.
10. Gritsenko E.S., Kirilina A.V. Iazykovaia politika v usloviiakh globalizatsii // Iazykovaia politika i iazykovye konflikty v sovremennom mire. Moscow, 2014. S. 95–101.
11. Ganiushina M.A. Iazykovaia globalizatsiia kak ugroza utraty natsional’nogo obraza mysli i zhizni // Iazykovye protsessy v epokhu globalizatsii: materialy mezhdunar. nauch. seminara (Moskva, 22 dekabria 2016 g.). Moscow, 2017. S. 36–41.
12. Kazachenko O.V. Iazykovaia globalizatsiia: vzaimoproniknovenie ili interventsiia? // Iazykovye protsessy v epokhu globalizatsii: materialy mezhdunar. nauch. seminara (Moskva, 22 dekabria 2016 g.). Moscow, 2017. S. 71–75.
13. Kirilina A.V. Nekotorye obshchie zakonomernosti razvitiia vedushchikh evropeiskikh iazykov v epokhu globalizatsii // Iazykovye protsessy v epokhu globalizatsii: materialy mezhdunar. nauch. seminara (Moskva, 22 dekabria 2016 g.). Moscow, 2017. S. 94–98.
14. Bakhtikireeva U.M. Izuchenie i opisanie natsional’nykh obrazov korennykh narodov RF posredstvom nositelei iazyka, fol’klora i literatury — osoznannaia neobkhodimost’ // Sokhranenie i razvitie iazykov i kul’tur korennykh narodov Sibiri: materialy IV Vseros. nauch.-prakt. konf. (Abakan, 1‒2 oktiabria 2020 g.). Abakan, 2020. S. 14–22.
15. Arefev A.L., Bakhtikireeva U.M., Siniachkin V.P. Problemy bilingvizma v sisteme shkol’nogo iazykovogo obrazovaniia Respubliki Tyva // Novye issledovaniia Tuvy. 2021. No. 1. S. 255–272.
16. Bakhtikireeva U.M. Razmyshleniia o bilingvizme i trans”iazychii // Lingvistika v dialoge s drugimi oblastiami znanii: iurislingvistika i diskursivnaia lingvistika, kommunikativnaia lingvistika i lingvokul’turologiia: sb. nauch. st. Vitebsk, 2022. S. 6–12.
17. Bogdanov S.I., Marusenko M.A., Marusenko N.M. Iazykovye perepisi i monitoringi kak instrument natsional’noi iazykovoi politiki. St. Petersburg: Izd-vo RGPU im. A.I. Gertsena, 2020. S. 344.
18. Mufwene S. Colonisation, globalisation, and the future of languages in the twenty-first century // Journal on Multicultural Societies. 2002. Vol. 4 (2). P. 162–193.
19. Landweer M. Methods of language endangerment research: a perspective from Melanesia // International Journal of the Sociology of Language. 2012. No. 214. P. 153–178.
20. Landweer M., Unseth P. An introduction to language use in Melanesia // International Journal of the Sociology of Language. 2012. No. 214. P. 1–3.
21. Appel R., Muysken P. Language contact and bilingualism. London: Arnold, 1987. 210 p.
22. Lenneberg E.H. Biologische Grundlagen der Sprache. Frankfurt, 1972.
23. Chomsky N. The language capacity: architecture and evolution // Psychon Bull Rev. 2017. No. 24. P. 200–203.
24. Aleksandrova N.Sh. Bilingvizm i drugie proiavleniia funktsionirovaniia iazykovoi sistemy v svete plastichnosti mozga // Filologicheskie nauki. Nauchnye doklady vysshei shkoly. 2020. No. 6 (2). S. 170–176. DOI 10.20339/PhS.6-20.170.
25. A neurolinguistic theory of bilingualism. Amsterdam, 2004.
26. Aleksandrova N.Sh. Rodnoi iazyk, inostrannyi iazyk i iazykovye fenomeny, u kotorykh net nazvaniia // Voprosy iazykoznaniia. 2006. No. 3. S. 88–100.
27. Vygotsky L.S. Myshlenie i rech’. Izd. 5, ispr. Moscow: Labirint, 1999. S. 244.
28. Aleksandrova N.Sh. Dvuiazychnaia sreda — prichina estestvennogo bilingvizma ili lish’ neobkhodimoe uslovie? // Ot bilingvizma k translingvizmu: pro i contra: materialy III Mezhdunar. nauch.-prakt. konf. (Moskva, 1–2 dekabria 2017 g.). Moscow: RUDN, 2018. S. 142–148.
29. Bialystok E., Craik F., Luk G. Bilingualism: consequences for mind and brain trends // Cogn. Sci. 2012. No. 16 (4). P. 240–250. DOI 10.1016/j.tics.2012.03.001.
30. Dassargues A., Perrez J., Reuchamps M. Les relations entre langue et politique en Belgique: linguistiques ou communautaires? // Dans Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée. 2014. Vol. 21. P. 105–128.
31. Hohenberger A., Peltzer-Karpf A. Language learning from the perspective of nonlinear dynamic systems // Article in Linguistics. 2009. March. DOI 10.1515/LING.2009.017.
32. Milrud R.P. Razvitie iazyka v ontogeneze kak igra khaosa // Mir psikhologii. 2012. No. 2. S. 63–76.
33. On some concepts of nonlinear dynamics suitable for use in linguistics / A. Kretov, M.V. Polovinkina, I. Polovinkin, M.V. Lometc // Journal of Physics Conference Series. 2021. No. 1902 (1). DOI 10.1088/1742-6596/1902/1/012075.
34. De Bot K., Lowie W., Verspoor M.H. A dynamic systems theory approach to second language acquisition // Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. 2007. No. 10 (1). P. 7–21.
35. Herdina P., Jessner U. A dynamic model of multilingualism. Perspectives of change in psycholinguistics. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 2002.
36. Schmid M., Lowie W. Modeling bilingualism: from structure to chaos // Honor of Kees de Bot. John Benjamins, 2011.
37. Aleksandrova N.Sh. Estestvennyi bilingvizm kak nelineinaia samoorganizuiushchaiasia sistema // Nelineinaia dinamika v kognitivnykh issledovaniiakh –— 2017: Trudy V Vseros. konf. Moscow, 2017. S. 15–17.
38. Aleksandrova N.Sh. Ischeznovenie iazykov, estestvennyi bilingvizm i nelineinaia dinamika // VIII Mezhdunar. konf. po kognitivnoi nauke: tezisy dokladov (Svetlogorsk, 18–21 oktiabria 2018 g.). Svetlogorsk, 2018. S. 35–37.
39. Abrams D., Strogatz S. Modelling the dynamics of language death // Nature. 2003. No. 424. P. 900.
40. Alexandrova N.S., Antonets V.A., Kuzenkov O.A. Bilingualism as an unstable state // Advances in Cognitive Research, Artificial Intelligence and Neuroinformatics. 2021. Springer. P. 359–367. DOI 10.1007/978-3-030-71637-0_41.
41. Aleksandrova N.Sh. Mozhet li estestvennyi bilingvizm byt’ vreden? // Vestnik RUDN. Ser.: Voprosy obrazovaniia: iazyki i spetsial’nost’. 2017. T. 14. No. 2. S. 211–216.